10 Essential Septic System FAQs Every Homeowner Should Know

1. How often should a tank be pumped? How do you know when to get a tank pumped?

Most septic tanks should be pumped every 3 to 5 years, but the exact timing depends on tank size, household size, water usage, and waste input (such as from garbage disposals). Rather than guessing based on time alone, it's best to check the actual solids levels in your tank.

Tools like the “Sludge Judge” or “Septic Checker” are designed to help you measure the depth of solids (sludge) and floating materials (scum) in your tank to determine whether pumping is necessary.

These tools are long, clear, plastic tubes, marked with measurements (usually 6-8 feet long), that allow you to take a core sample of the contents of the septic tank by carefully lowering the tool into the tank until it reaches the bottom, then using a stopper to trap the contents inside. When you pull it out, you can visually see and measure the depth of the sludge and scum layers.

If the sludge and scum layers together take up more than 25% of the tank's working depth, it’s time to pump.

Getting the tank pumped out at the appropriate intervals prevents solids from flowing out of the tank into the soil treatment area (drainfield, leachfield), which can clog the pipes and soil, leading to costly failures. Ruby Septic utilizes the septic checker tool as a vital part of its annual maintenance service and inspections in order to provide homeowners with a timeline for when the tank will need to be pumped out next. 

2. Can I use a garbage disposal with a septic system?

Garbage disposals are a convenient facet of modern life, but overuse of this appliance can be problematic for your septic system. It may seem like the food scraps being sent to the septic tank wouldn’t differ much from the waste sent to the tank through use of the toilet, but cutting out the middle man (in this case, you), changes the composition of those solids significantly. After having traveled through a digestive system, these solids are much more easily broken down by the bacteria in the tank, resulting in a much slower build up of the sludge and scum layers in the tank. When food scraps go directly to the tank, this breakdown happens much slower, which will result in needing to get the tank pumped, and the effluent filter cleaned, more frequently.

The second hazard with garbage disposal use, is that it can introduce fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) into the pipes and tank. While these cooking byproducts are easily able to enter the system as liquids, once they cool down in the pipes and tank they re-solidify, which can cause clogs in the sewer line and more solids in the tank. In the worst case scenario they can make their way to the soil treatment area where they can clog the smaller diameter lateral pipes, and plug up the pores in the soil that are necessary for the treatment and disposal of the wastewater.

Ruby Septic recommends that all food scraps and cooking oils be disposed of properly, either in the trash or compost bin. The less of these items that find your way into your septic system the better. Instead of using the garbage disposal, consider using a sink strainer, and throwing away the smaller scraps of food that come off your dishes before they can make their way into the pipes.

However, we understand that many people don’t want to sacrifice the convenience of a garbage disposal, so if you wish to keep using the disposal keep the following list in mind:

• Don’t put anything down the garbage disposal that isn’t biodegradable. If you aren’t sure that something will break down, put it in the trash instead. 

• Never put large amounts of food down your garbage disposal, throw the bulk away before washing the remainder off of your dishes and cookware. 

• Keep in mind that more frequent monitoring and pumping of your septic tank will be necessary. By keeping the tank pumped out you will lower the likelihood that solids accumulate and cause clogs, or make their way out to the soil treatment area.

• Don’t put expandable foods (rice, pasta, etc.) down the garbage disposal, as these are more likely to cause clogs in the pipe. 

3. Can I build structures or plant trees near my septic system?

Building structures or planting trees near your septic system is not recommended, and for good reason. Septic systems are designed to treat and disperse wastewater safely, and they require clear access and specific environmental conditions to function properly. Let’s break down why building or planting near a septic system can lead to serious issues:

Why building near a septic system is problematic:

• Restricted access: Septic tanks and  soil treatment areas (also known as leach fields and drain fields) need to be accessible for regular maintenance, inspections, and emergency repairs. Building a shed, garage, patio, or even a driveway over any part of the system can block access and increase maintenance costs.

• Structural damage: The weight of structures or vehicles can crush or crack the pipes and tank. Even lightweight structures can shift over time and interfere with the septic components.

• Code violations: Local health and building codes often prohibit building over or too close to septic systems. Violating these regulations can make it difficult to sell your home in the future.

Recommended distances:
Although guidelines can vary, Ruby Septic recommends maintaining a minimum of 5 - 10 feet from any structures to the septic tank, and 10 - 25 feet from the soil treatment area. Always check with your local health department or permitting office for specific setback requirements in your area before building.

Why planting trees near a septic system is risky:

• Root intrusion: Tree and shrub roots naturally seek out water sources. This makes your soil treatment area, septic tank, and pipes a prime target. Roots can infiltrate and clog the septic system components, causing backups, slow drainage, or complete system failure.

• Drainfield disruption: Trees can also change soil structure and moisture levels in the area, affecting how well your drainfield can absorb and filter wastewater.

Safer planting guidelines:

• Keep deep rooted trees far away. Trees like willows, maples, poplars, and oaks are notorious for aggressive root systems and should be planted at least 25–50 feet away, if not farther.

• Choose shallow rooted plants. Grasses, herbaceous perennials, and ground covers are generally safe. Avoid any plants that require frequent watering or fertilizing over the drainfield, as these can interfere with the soil’s natural filtering ability.

To protect your septic system and avoid costly repairs, do not build structures or plant trees near the septic tank or drainfield. In Colorado, Ruby Septic recommends that the area over the soil treatment area be planted with drought tolerant native grasses that don’t require irrigation, and should be mowed and maintained to not be overgrown. Continually watering the absorption area can cause premature failure of the soil treatment area, and excessive vegetation will slow the evapotranspiration process necessary for the treatment of the wastewater.

4. Do natural or DIY additives (like yeast, Rid-X, or molasses) actually help or hurt my septic system?

It’s a common belief that adding substances like yeast, Rid-X, molasses, or other “natural” or store-bought additives can boost the health and performance of a septic system. While the idea sounds appealing, the science and industry consensus tell a more cautious story.

Additives are marketed to:

• Improve the breakdown of solids

• Boost bacterial activity

• Reduce the need for pumping

• Prevent odors and backups

They come in two main types:

• Biological additives (enzymes, bacteria, yeast, etc.)

• Chemical additives (acids, solvents, etc.—generally discouraged)

The Truth About DIY Additives

Home remedies like adding baking yeast, sugar, or molasses are based on the idea that they “feed” the bacteria in the tank or introduce more of them. However septic tanks already contain all the bacteria they need. Every time you flush waste down the drain, you’re adding more organic material and bacteria naturally. Additionally, overloading the system with foreign substances can upset the balance. Too much yeast or sugar can promote rapid bacterial growth that may deplete oxygen and lead to system imbalance or excessive sludge buildup. DIY additives are unnecessary at best, and disruptive at worst.

Commercial Products Like Rid-X

Rid-X and similar products contain enzymes and bacteria intended to enhance waste breakdown. While they are marketed as safe and effective, opinions in the industry are mixed. Some professionals say they're harmless, but largely redundant if your system is already functioning well, in which case they are a waste of money. However in some cases, they can interfere with natural digestion processes, which causes solids to break down too quickly and enter the soil treatment area. This may make it so the tank seems like it doesn’t need pumped out as often, all the while damaging the very expensive to repair and replace soil treatment area.

The EPA and most health departments do not recommend routine use of additives. As for us at Ruby Septic, we believe that there are no additives on the market that replace the need for proper maintenance, and that they are an unnecessary expense and hassle. Septic systems are finely tuned, self regulating ecosystems when used properly. Adding outside substances can throw them off balance. Routine pumping, inspections, and maintenance are a far better investment in your septic system health and longevity.

5. What kind of toilet paper is septic safe? Can I use wipes?

When you have a septic system, not all toilet papers are created equal. Choosing the right products can help prevent clogs, backups, and costly repairs. Septic safe toilet paper is designed to, break down quickly in water, avoid clogging the plumbing or septic pipes, and minimize solid buildup in the tank. Here’s what to look for:

• Single-ply or two-ply toilet paper - thinner paper breaks down faster than thick, plush varieties.

• Labeled “septic safe” - ideally by an organization like the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), an independent health and safety organization that tests products, including toilet paper.

• The paper should have no lotions or added chemicals - these softeners and additives can interfere with the bacteria in your tank.

If you really want to protect the system, and minimize maintenance, one of the best things you can do is install a bidet on your toilets. However, by carefully selecting the toilet paper you do use, you can limit any issues it may cause your system.

However, when it comes to wipes, there is only one thing you need to keep in mind. Never flush wipes down your toilet when you are on a septic system. In our experience there is no such thing as a “septic safe” wipe. 

Even wipes labeled “septic safe” don’t break down the same way toilet paper does and can clog pipes, accumulate in the tank, and cause damage to the soil treatment area. Additionally many septage disposal facilities do not allow waste pumpers to dispose of wipes into their systems (for the same reasons you shouldn’t dispose of them in yours). For this reason, the wipes have to be removed from the sewage before it is disposed of, and many pumpers charge a premium for this service.

Wipes are one of the leading causes of blockages and service calls. At Ruby Septic we focus on individual onsite wastewater treatment systems, but it should be noted that wipes also cause major problem for municipal sewer systems. So no matter the situation, wipes should always be disposed of in the trash, and not flushed down the toilet. The same goes for all other paper products (paper towels, napkins, tissues, etc.) which are not designed to be septic safe, and should not be flushed down the toilet. Good septic care starts with good flushing habits!

6. Are water softener discharges safe for septic systems?

Water softeners are common in households with hard water, but if your home has a septic system, it’s important to understand how softener discharge (also called regeneration water or brine discharge) may impact it. 

Water softeners remove minerals (like calcium and magnesium) through an ion exchange process that takes place in an “ion exchange resin”. To regenerate, softeners flush the resin bed with a salty brine solution, sending this wastewater, often high in salt and other minerals, into your plumbing system. If your plumbing directs this discharge into your septic system, it can potentially affect the tank and soil treatment area.

High sodium content can alter the natural bacterial balance in your septic tank. These microbes are essential for breaking down waste. Salt may also reduce the soil’s ability to absorb water in the soil treatment area, leading to saturation and potential system failure over time. Additionally, regeneration cycles can release up to 50 gallons or more of brine water in a short period, which may overload the system, especially if timed poorly with other water usage. This can stir up solids in the tank and push them into the soil treatment area.

However the answer is not all black and white. While older studies raised concerns about brine harming microbial activity and soil absorption, more recent studies, such as those supported by the Water Quality Association, argue that modern softeners pose minimal risk when properly installed and maintained.

However, there are some best practices to keep in mind when installing and using a water softener in conjunction with a septic system. If possible, you can direct the discharge water from the water softener system to a separate dry well, completely separate from the septic system. This way there is no chance that the system will be damaged, however you should consult your local codes and regulations before installation of the dry well to ensure it is allowed in your area.

If discharging to the septic system, a modern high efficiency softener should be installed, as newer systems use less salt and water per regeneration cycle. These cycles should be timed to avoid overlapping with other heavy water use appliances (laundry, showers, etc.). Before installation of a water softener you should consult with a septic professional to assess your systems size, condition, and capacity to handle the systems discharge.

Water softener discharges may be safe for septic systems if properly managed, but they do carry risks, especially with older or undersized systems. Using efficient equipment, monitoring regeneration cycles, and consulting your local septic professionals are the best ways to protect both your plumbing and your septic investment.

7. What is the role of an effluent filter? Do I need one?

An effluent filter is a small but important part of a healthy septic system. It’s not always talked about, but it plays a key role in preventing costly repairs and extending the life of your system. 

An effluent filter or effluent screen is a device installed at the outlet of your septic tank, just before the wastewater (called effluent) flows into the soil treatment area. They are designed to trap solids that shouldn’t leave the tank before they have an opportunity to enter sensitive and expensive system components, like pumps, siphons, certain advanced treatment units, or the soil treatment area.

Your septic tank is designed to settle out solids so only liquid effluent flows to the soil treatment area, but, sudden large volumes of water, infrequent tank pumping, or poor habits (flushing wipes, grease, garbage disposal use, etc.), can allow solids to escape. Since nobody is perfect, and septic systems are rarely on the forefront of most peoples minds, (not true for us at Ruby Septic, but we have been told that most people prefer not to spend their time thinking about sewage), the effluent filter can provide a back up to protect your system against imperfect use.

A properly installed, and inexpensive, effluent filter can protect the soil treatment area and extend the septic system's lifespan. It’s a small investment that can have a big impact on your septic system’s performance and longevity. In fact, some regulations now require effluent filters on new septic installations.

Even if it’s not required in your region, Ruby Septic strongly recommends installing one on new system installations, and retrofitting them into older systems if possible. Like any filter, an effluent filter needs periodic cleaning, typically every year. If you aren’t interested in cleaning your own effluent filter, Ruby Septic provides this service as part of our annual maintenance package, and we’ll be happy to do it for you. 

A clogged filter can cause a back up if ignored, so make sure that your filter is cleaned properly, and at least every time the septic system is pumped out.

8. How long do septic systems last?

This question is very difficult to answer. At Ruby Septic, we often tell people to expect that the average septic system will need significant repairs or replacement at around the 30 year mark. This is based on our experience, and we believe gives people a realistic understanding of what to expect, and how to budget for, oftentimes expensive system remediation. However some systems will last 50 plus years, and some will fail in 15 years. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are the largest factors in regards to system longevity, but sometimes people just get lucky (or unlucky) as well.

Since a septic system is a series of different components, and not all of them tend to fail all at once. Below is a list of different components, and how long they might typically last. 

• Aerobic treatment units (ATUs):

• Often last 20 to 30 years, they require more maintenance, but may increase the lifespan of your soil treatment area. 

• Soil Treatment Areas (Drain fields / Leach fields):

  • Lifespan 15 to 30 years depending on usage and soil conditions

  • It is wise to keep a reserve area in mind for where to locate a new soil treatment area if/when yours fails.

  Concrete, polyethylene or fiberglass septic tanks:

• Can last 40+ years if properly maintained and installed.

• Septic Tanks made of steel, cinder blocks, and even wood are not unheard of, but are typically no longer used, and will not last nearly as long as tanks made with modern tank building materials.

• Effluent and Sewage Pumps:

  • Anywhere from 5 - 15 years, with most needing replaced around every 10 years to maintain proper system performance. If the pump is intended to provide pressurized dosing of effluent to the soil treatment area, it’s important that it is functioning as designed.

The first factor that determines a systems longevity, is the quality of the septic system design. Choosing a system designer that is knowledgeable in onsite wastewater systems, and specifically the soils, topography, and conditions at the property is crucial. A system that is designed improperly will fail faster than it should, no matter how well it is installed and maintained. However, executing on the design is just as important, so hiring a reputable, qualified, and experienced installer is vital. A system that is designed well, but installed incorrectly, can have issues much sooner than it should. When having a septic system designed it is important to pick qualified experienced professionals, familiar with the regulations and conditions in your area.

The last factor, and the one system owner has the most control over, is proper system maintenance. Question #10 on this list handles this topic, but in short, improper use and maintenance of the septic system can cause the premature failure of even the best designed, and installed systems.

9. Which household products are truly septic safe? What household cleaners can I use?

Your septic system is a delicate ecosystem that relies on natural bacteria to break down and treat waste. Many common household products can disrupt this balance, leading to system failures, backups, or expensive repairs. Fortunately, you don’t have to give up cleanliness to protect your septic system, you just need to make informed choices.

Septic Safe Household Cleaners

The general rule: Avoid harsh chemicals like bleach, ammonia, and antibacterial products in large quantities. They can kill the beneficial bacteria in your tank and lead to treatment failure. 

When selecting dish soaps and laundry detergents choose phosphate free and biodegradable products. Opt for liquid detergents as powders contain fillers that can harm your pipes and septic system. When possible use high efficiency detergents and appliances as these will allow you to limit the amounts that enter the septic system. 

For personal hygiene products, choose biodegradable soaps and shampoos when possible, and avoid flushing anything down the toilet or drains besides septic safe toilet paper and human waste. Cotton swabs, feminine hygiene products, dental floss, paper towels, tissues, etc. should all be thrown away in a trash can rather than being sent down the drain.

When selecting cleaning products for your home, consider these safer alternatives to traditional commercial cleaning products:

• White vinegar – Great for cleaning and deodorizing

• Baking soda – A mild abrasive and deodorizer

• Castile soap – Natural, plant-based cleaner

Brands We Recommend

When selecting commercial cleaners, opt for products labeled as “green” cleaners. These products are typically non-toxic, biodegradable, and phosphate-free—making them safer for your septic system. Below are some brands that offer green options for cleaning products:

• Seventh Generation

• Ecover

• Biokleen

• ECOS

• Method

• Mrs. Meyer's (most products)

Things to Avoid Entirely

Most cleaning products used in moderation, don’t pose a major threat to your septic system. Septic tanks hold hundreds/thousands of gallons of water at a time, and it takes a large volume of most common household cleaners over a long period of use to negatively affect how the system functions. However there are some things that should never be used with a septic system.

• Chemical Drain cleaners

• Solvent-based cleaners or paint thinners

• Automatic toilet bowl cleaners

Your septic system depends on a healthy bacterial environment, and harsh or antibacterial chemicals can disrupt that balance. You don’t have to stop cleaning, just clean smart. With the right products and habits, you can keep both your home and your septic system in top shape.

10. How can I maintain my septic system for longevity?

Simple habits = decades of dependable service

Your septic system is a major part of your home’s infrastructure—and with a little regular care, it can last 30 to 40 years or more. Proper maintenance not only prevents expensive failures but also protects your property, health, and local environment. We have covered a number of these topics in the questions above in more detail, but here’s a recap of how to keep your system in top shape for the long haul:

Pump Your Tank Regularly

Frequency: Every 3–5 years for most households (or as recommended after inspection)

• Pumping removes built-up solids (sludge) and grease (scum) that bacteria can’t break down.

• If left unchecked, these solids can overflow into the drainfield and cause irreversible damage.

Conserve Water

Too much water can overwhelm the system and prevent proper waste breakdown.

Easy ways to reduce water use:

• Install low-flow toilets and showerheads

• Spread out laundry loads over the week
  Fix leaks promptly, a running toilet can use 200 gallons of water a day or more!

• Avoid long showers and unnecessary water usage

• Don’t irrigate the vegetation directly above your soil treatment area. Whether or not the water comes from in the house, the soils in the treatment area can only handle so much water at once!

When septic systems are designed, they are designed to accommodate a set amount gallons per day. For instance a three bedroom home may be designed to handle 450 gallons per day (this number varies based on your local codes and regulations). This amount is referred to as a “peak flow”, but systems can’t run at 100% for very long periods of time before they begin to have issues. Ideally, a septic system will operate at 80% or less of its design capacity the vast majority of the time.

Less water = less stress on your tank and soil treatment area.

Watch What You Flush

Your septic tank relies on natural bacteria. Harsh chemicals or non-biodegradable materials can throw everything off.

Only flush:

• Human waste

• Septic safe toilet paper

That might seem like a short list, but those are the only things that should go down your toilet when your home is on a septic system. Everything else belongs in the trash. Being mindful of what goes into your septic system can go a long way to keeping it working for longer.

Use Septic-Safe Products

Many household cleaners and soaps are too harsh for septic systems.

Look for:

• Biodegradable

• Phosphate-free

• Non-antibacterial labels

Use vinegar, baking soda, and plant-based cleaners for safer cleaning.

Protect Your Soil Treatment Area (Drain field / leach field)

Your soil treatment area is the most sensitive part of your septic system. Keep it healthy!

Do:

• Keep it clear of heavy equipment, vehicles, and buildings

• Plant only grass or shallow-rooted plants above it

• Make sure gutters and surface water drain away from the area

Don’t:

• Plant trees nearby (roots can invade pipes)

• Compact the soil by driving or parking over it

• Allow livestock to graze or roam over the it (their hooves will compact the soil over time)

• Irrigate the area over your soil treatment area

Get Regular Inspections

A licensed professional can:

• Check sludge levels

• Inspect for cracks or leaks

• Clean effluent filters

• Advise you on system health and schedule pumping

At Ruby Septic we offer annual maintenance packages that come with inspections, as well as more involved ongoing maintenance contracts for more complex systems. An ounce of prevention here can save thousands in repairs. 

Septic Longevity Is All About Smart Habits

You don’t need to be a plumber or an expert, just a mindful homeowner. Just like getting the oil changed in your car or checking the brakes, routine maintenance on your septic system is essential, even when everything seems to be working fine. You wouldn’t wait for your engine to seize up before changing the oil, and the same logic applies to your septic system. Just because waste is still draining doesn’t mean your system is healthy. Neglecting regular care can lead to costly and often irreversible damage. By sticking to these simple guidelines, you can avoid unpleasant surprises and ensure your septic system keeps working quietly and efficiently for decades to come.

For any septic system questions or needs you have please feel free to reach out to us at Ruby Septic, we provide a range of septic system services in the areas around Denver Colorado, and if we can’t help, can point you in the direction of trusted professional who can.